Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The Ministry of Fish Resources is currently responsible for all angling ventures in regional waters. This association tracks the status of the different fisheries and behaviors examines intended to improve the status of all fisheries under their extent of duty. With this oversight, a few limitations and controls have been actualized, which have had the impact of creating angling seasons and distinguishing the different kinds of shrimp and other attractive fish, for example, Alenagel. On account of the cutting edge media, the advantages of present day angling have been shown to customary anglers in Saudi Arabia. With the expanding request, Khalifa Algosaibi set up the kingdom’s first present day angling organization in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The organization presented current angling pontoons and established an office for the assembling and capacity of fish and fish items. With this presentation, the realm saw a jump in their economy, denoting the establishment of this organizat ion as a defining moment in the country’s endeavors to differentiate from its principle send out †oil. This move caused an adjustment in the example of residential utilization just as an expanded interest for fish from both the nearby populace and those people who have been selected to work in Saudi Arabia. The essential methods for getting fish in both the Gulf and the Red Sea are currently benthic trawls and Shanchola nets. The essential fish trapped in the Gulf areas are Kofi shrimp, Gulf shrimp, washroom fish, Alhamur, Alkanad, and others.

Catholic Church so successfully in the years 1517-1525 Essay

For what reason was Luther ready to challenge the Catholic Church so effectively in the years 1517-1525? Different reasons added to Martin Luther’s achievement in testing the Catholic Church from the years 1517-25. The five key explanations for Luther’s achievement were his security by Frederick the Wise, the reality his thoughts were engaging and well known, his enthusiasm and assurance, the disappointments of the Church itself lastly, the planning of his test. A portion of these elements likewise influenced one another and these connections give the quality which permitted Luther’s revolt to be so fruitful. This is on the grounds that one of these elements alone would not have been adequate in forestalling Luther picking up a similar destiny as the individuals who endeavored a transformation before him. On the other hand, a few reasons can likewise be considered as having a bigger and more across the board impact than others, which means they were increasingly noteworthy in adding to the ultimate result. Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony and author of the University of Wittenberg was the most impressive early protector of Luther. He assumed a huge job in helping Luther keep his message spreading and on a few events utilized his position to profit Luther’s revolt. For instance, The Papal Bull of Excommunication was never completed in Saxony nor were the details of the Edict of The Worms. Likewise, Frederick convinced Charles V to complete the Diet of Worms in German, rather than Rome, with the goal that Luther could guard himself securely. Another way Frederick protected Luther was in 1521 when he had him ‘kidnapped’ on his way once again from Worms and taken to the Wartburg for his security. The importance of Frederick the Wise’s insurance is that he eventually kept Luther from being slaughtered or oppressed by the individuals who couldn't help contradicting his thought processes. This thusly permitted his message to continue spreading and to be created. In this way, Frederick the Wise fundamentally affected the Lutheran development in light of the fact that in spite of the fact that he never changed over to the religion, he added to its turn of events and impact over Saxony. The primary explanation Wise upheld Luther was on the grounds that Luther was an educator at his University and Wise didn't need it to increase a terrible notoriety. Be that as it may, different reasons can likewise be viewed as, for example, the way that Luther’s thoughts demonstrated well known and along these lines Frederick was glad to help him. Basically, Luther’s achievement depended upon his thoughts being well known and the purpose behind this was because of the reality his thoughts spoke to individuals all things considered. He tended to his message distinctively to both the sovereigns, in Address to the Christian Nobility, and the laborers, by making lessons and woodcuts. This permitted his message to spread among everybody. His thoughts spoke to the various classes; workers deciphered his message of ‘priesthood of all believers’ as supporting social fairness and utilized it as a reason for the Peasants War in 1525 in this manner showing they upheld Luther up until this point. The honorability likewise joined the change development as they trusted it would fortify their political position and expel ecclesiastical impact in their regions. His prevalence is appeared by the reality his distributions were of the most well known at that point. The reality his thoughts were famous were fundamental to his prosperity as his contention must be viewed as substantial for him to pick up help. Additionally, the reality he had support from an assortment of regular Germans was essential for keeping his message spreading. A noteworthy explanation behind his thoughts demonstrating mainstream is expected to the church’s disappointments which at the time was getting progressively less endured and gave an away from of the deficiencies he was attempting to feature. The absence of resistance towards the congregation was because of the way that numerous Germans considered the To be as an outsider who did little to profit Catholics, in spite of the high ecclesiastical charges they needed to pay to him. These expenses were utilized to pay for the remaking of St Peter’s Basilica in Rome in this manner not being beneficial to the Germans who were settling the duty. Anyway the prejudice was towards the papacy as well as area clerics who were not satisfying their peaceful obligations. Numerous likewise dedicated administrative maltreatment, for example, pluralism and simony. Thus, individuals for the most part had the developing inclination they were being misused for their cash and confidence. This inclination over anticlericalism was additionally evolved from Luther’s thoughts. It is additionally an explanation behind the reality Luther’s thoughts were well known, in light of the fact that they could be connected as well and concurred with. Disappointments of the Church were not a legitimately noteworthy purpose behind Luther’s achievement, it permitted him to acquire support however simply because his thoughts were mainstream. Anticlericalism had been around for quite a while, and just upgraded the fame of his message as it corresponded with when bigotry towards chapel disappointments was expanding. Another explanation behind Luther’s thoughts demonstrating well known was because of his character and enthusiasm for rolling out an improvement. This enthusiasm is seen through his fixation on discovering salvation. Furthermore, he was valiant in putting his point across paying little heed to results, for example, in 1519 in his discussion with Johann Eck where he contended his thoughts unquestionably and 1521 at the Diet of Worms, where he guaranteed that by retracting, he would advance oppression and his still, small voice would not permit him to do as such, in this way he would not be quieted. Luther’s assurance additionally identifies with why his thoughts demonstrated well known, he had the ability to cause individuals to accept and bolster him. This assurance implied he was the impetus for the reconstruction in Europe. He not just accepted there was debasement in the Catholic Church, yet stood up freely about his thoughts that salvation would be found through confidence alone. It additionally connections to Frederick’s decision to protect him since his energy earned him the job as a teacher at Wittenberg University which implied Frederick was all the more ready to help him. Luther’s character was significant for his prosperity, he was resolved to change the arrangement of the Church and this kept him from surrendering, and rather keeping his message stretching out over the Empire. The last factor that can be thought of and connected to the others is the planning of Luther’s development. It harmonized with the arrival of the Renaissance time which welcomed new contemplating training and society that originated from old Greek and Roman lessons. These common, humanist thoughts accepted that the Church ought not manage community matter yet just give direction in otherworldly issues, which Luther additionally underscored in his lessons. As such, he concurred with the Renaissance perspective, concentrating on the present, and seeing that change was frantically required in the Catholic Church. This was huge as it ran corresponding to his convictions and aided in the improvement of his own thoughts, just as making them increasingly relatable to ordinary Germans, consequently having a comparative impact to that of prejudice towards anticlericalism. Moreover, his thoughts were spread speedier by the innovation of the print machine. His Ninety Five Theses was printed, which means his assertion was spread quickly. Past to the print machine, individuals with thoughts had no compelling method to spread them. Hence, the print machine likewise connections to the reality his thoughts were viewed as famous in light of the fact that they could be seen by many. Despite what might be expected, the way that under 10% of the populace could peruse or compose was a constraining variable to the spread of his message. Hence, the reality his revolt started when society and innovation was additionally changing methods it was conveyed alongside the progression of new, progressive thoughts, which helped his message to be heard by more individuals. Taking everything into account, huge numbers of these elements connect together to deliver a similar result †that Luther’s revolt was a fruitful one. In any case, the most significant factor was that his thoughts demonstrated well known. This was on the grounds that they, to a degree, were radical, new and popular. Martin Luther was one of the first to consider outside what the congregation instructed him. He started to scrutinize the church’s authority and what was happening inside the Church †what he discovered was debasement, voracity and misbehavior. Be that as it may, this by itself would not have made him so effective. His character assumed a job by making him resolved to make some noise about it and hence acquire support, making his thoughts much increasingly famous. Without these two variables cooperating, he could never have increased sufficient help to frame a completely fledged transformation. Be that as it may, more critically than his character was the insurance he procured from Frederick the Wise; this kept him from Harm’s way and permitted his message to continue spreading. Furthermore, to this was the centrality of the planning of his activities. It transformed what might have been a little defiance into a national revamping of the Church, because of the print machine and Renaissance period. At long last, however with less marginally less significance, was the Church’s own disappointments. On one hand it was imperative to his prosperity since it stressed the defilement he was depicting, making it progressively relatable. Then again, anticlericalism had been around for quite a while, it just accentuated his message however didn't add to its prosperity. In synopsis, each of the five components assumed a significant job anyway the most significant were that his thoughts demonstrated well known , because of his character, and his assurance by Frederick the Wise. Different components assumed lesser jobs yet were as yet significant in helping his message spread to a more extensive crowd.

Aquantia

Aquantia INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in the beautiful San Hose at the Aquantia office. Hi, Ramin, who are you and what do you do?Ramin: I am Ramin Farjad-Radand I am the VP of technology at Aquantia corporation and I together with the team are in charge of developing interesting technologies that apply to the latest networking solution that the customers such as Cisco and so forth use to differentiate themselves in the market place.BUSINESS MODEL OF AQUANTIAMartin: What did you do before you started Aquantia?Ramin: Well starting from beginning I got interested in communication transceivers back over at Stanford. Maybe part of my first summer internship that I was working at Soundlabs and I started working on a 1 Gig transceiver. The target was designing the whole thing in a CMOS technology which back then most people tried to implement these transceivers gigabit, multi gigabit and higher processors like Gully Morson and so forth which is really fast processing, but at the same time p eople could not really build them in high density to integrate with the microprocessors, big logics and so forth. Part of that work was extended and Sun was interested to fund the research I continued to actually turn it into a 10 gigabit per second kind of transceiver all in CMOS. Pretty much that research was successful, I managed to build that link in all in CMOS. Back then it was a core to max at CMOS which is more than a 10x larger than future sizes that are used today which is 28 or even 49 meter. But pretty much the technology showed that today it can implement up to 10 gigabits in CMOS technology that back then people struggled to build even up to 1 gig.That was a big achievement in a sense not just, “Hey, I can do 10 Gig in CMOS” but because it opened the door for integration into much bigger chips that were already in CMOS technology or the processors or also the switches that back then let’s say in the early 2000; that was the beginning of internet opening up to the all public and bandwidths and data become like a necessity, people wanted faster and faster not just processor but also switches and routers and so forth. These switches needed to have very high thoughput and with a combination of IOs that was placed in CMOS to get over the switch the switch wasn’t really practical. They have to use multiple switches, build clone network it would call it, network topology or switch topology to be able to expand switch to turn it form n ports to multiple ports, n times or 10 times and so forth. It was expensive, high power and so forth and by being able to integrate this high speed link inside the same chip and it could manage to increase the throughput of the switch, being able to increase it by order of magnitude or even orders of magnitude. That’s why it plays a critical rule to the next step.Back then in 2000, in fact ‘99 I teamed up with a couple people and tried to turn it into, actually turn this idea or turn this technology into actual ly a solution that will benefit the industry in terms of marketing. Through this whole process weve got challenges to be able to define the right product for the technology and we started a company called Veleo Communication whose main solution product was multi gigabit or even terabit switches. Back then we focused on optical market, sonic switching and so forth because the problem was reallyâ€" in those days, the long hawl, why you doing to need networks and connecting cities at high speeds together and that was kind of the bottle neck that back then was mostly wired up to do phone networks and telephones at low data rates. Planning to do internet traffic, even forget about videos just normal internet traffic couldn’t really go through these low speed networking switches. So everybody was switching to optical communication, trying to build more and more connections and networks and then there came the need to do high throughput wirings and switching between all these links. And that is why optical communication was so hot back then before colabs later on in 2002-2003.Martin: So basically what Aquantia is selling is some kind of devices with some switches?Ramin: No. This was a Veleo Communication. It was my first company that I started back in ‘99. That was the focus of Veleo Communication, building terabit switches for optical market. And then after Veleo and because of the crash of the optical market and all of our customers which were big customers were Lucent and Nortel. At some point we have a combined you can say purchase order literal intents close to 500 million dollars’ worth of those switches but maybe within few months they went away. Nortel put hold on everything, Lucent basically shut down optical divisions and so forth. And all thing went away and expecting to be a multibillion dollar company, it didn’t turn out to be that way.So we sold the company and the year after Kim and Alveta , two of my partners here in Aquantia, we started the c ompany with the vision to being able to power the next generation of data centers and networking mainly from the connectivity prospective for the upcoming explosion of data that we could see. The data was increasing, not just communication of data but also the storage of the data and so forth, to the extent that the existing solutions, the connectivity solutions in the data centers and the storage centers and the computing centers and so forth was not really enough to answer this.Back then people were switching from 1 gigabit to 10 gigabit but the solutions for 10 gigabit was all pretty much an optical domain, meaning that you had to use optical transceivers, lasers and so forth and it ended up to be expensive solutions. And knowing that these port counts that were already about like making hundreds of millions if not billions in gigabit, switching them over to 10 gig or optical at price points that are hundreds of dollars was a big show stopper for many companies to scale to that l evel. Price was a big deal, especially when you are talking about such high switch counts and our mission was to create a technology to be able to implement it over the copper lines and away from using any optical components which was pretty much also the start of the 10 gigabits over copper, over basically twisted pair copper not shielded copper just to make everything cheaper, just to make the cable cheaper. And we of course added significant complexity on the chip side to make the other side cheaper and easier, meaning anything external, even only through connectors, cables and so forth was made to be as simple as possible even the connection of the cable to the port using like RG45 type of connector that just clicks, you can find it behind your computer or laptop that has this network port versus the optical solutions that nobody can just use like that. You have to align the fiber which is like a micrometer thick with the edge of laser to make sure that the light passes through. It takes an expert to do that every time so it wasn’t something that also could be basically expanded to the public or general market unless using a copper and ease of use of it. And pretty much, it puts all the burden on the technology and those required to implement it.We knew that is a big challenge and from day one we started building a team that we believe were super stars to be able to excel in this market and be able to deliver it. While at the same time when we started we had technology that we believed will put us ahead of everybody else delivering this solution not just all in silicon but also make it in like low power, because once you assume that each server or each rack of servers that you have in data center could have tens of these ports and each rack will have tens of servers and each roll of a data center can have twenty or thirty of them and then in the whole data center there could be tens of thousands or a hundred thousand of these servers. If the power is not fully controlled, it will be like a big heating machine just for connectivity and so forth. And so power is also a significant part of the equation that we started to solve and when we entered the market we introduced ourselves as the low power leaders who can not only solve the connectivity problem but also the power problem for the system.Martin: So if you would rephrase the value proposition it would basically mean that if you are looking at a data center you will improve the connectivity within the data center meaning that you will lower their energy cost thereby lowering total costs of having operating the data center and thereby transforming the data from one point to the other.Ramin: Yes, exactly. First lowering the cost of installation, the price they pay to install each port and also lowering the maintenance cost, moving forward in terms of cost of the energy and so forth.Martin: Can you elaborate a little bit about how defensive is this? Or how easy it is to defend this k ind of model from other competitors?Ramin: One of the reasons we approached this market as a startup knowing that especially if you are in hardware, networking hardware, especially semiconductor business center a lot of big companies are already in this market. We had to definitely find a path that we could differentiate ourselves and one of our biggest differentiations was of course the technology we could introduce into this market. And Tangabeste has been as they use to call it the toughest problem in the communication ICs back then and it turned out to be over yeas. Because when we started there were another three public companies that started in the same field together with us plus also the number of the startup companies, at some point were 7 companies doing the same thing. Over the years, Aquantia was the only company whose product was shipped in Cisco boxes and only one public company managed to get it right after few years after us to be our only competition today so far.So one thing is to find the technology and to also have the solution, knowing that the technology that you have is differentiating enough that not anybody not so easily can come in and compete with you in that domain. Of course, the patents that protected us in that domain. On top of that I should add as an entrepreneur just having a cool technology doesn’t mean, or like differentiating technology doesn’t mean anything. You have to see the problems that your customers have or are actually going to have. The smart or most successful ones will see the waves that are coming and try to prepare for it. Try to build solutions for the waves that are coming. Once they are near then you can go to your customers and say, “Hey, don’t worry, I have a solution for you.” Helping the customer to win in the market, differentiating yourself and basically pass the big wave and they help you in return, creating a win-win situation in such a way that customers, especially the big ones really fe el that they have to use you otherwise there are not many other solutions out there to do so.Martin: But basically this means that you have some hardware solutions like switches or something for solving the connectivity issues in data centers and when you look at the customers, customer segments, who are they? Is it only like people who are operating the data center or are those companies like Facebook who has its own data center?Ramin: Our customers customers would be the likes of Facebook and so forth. One of the big customers we can mention is Cisco systems. They actually build their network OEMs that build all the big switches and the network equipment.Martin: And in terms of revenue model is it that you are selling them not only like revenue per item or is it something like a service model orâ€"Ramin: No, we build chips.Martin: And you only sell them. You don’t rent them or something like that?Ramin: No, just sell them the chips.Martin: And how do you acquire customers. Are y ou using only a direct sales force or are you using distribution partners?Ramin: No, actually because we are not in a consumer market, our customers are well defined. For example, there is usually in the space that we work in there is one dominant customer that owns maybe half the market or more. And there is another one who owns like 20 -30 percent and the rest combined will be another 20 something percent together. So we usually try to approach the first top two three because the amount of energy and even marketing and salesforce that is required to approach everyone for a small company is not really that efficient. So our approach is to go and target the big ones, try to understand their pain points and try to understand what are the things that they are working on and what are the problems that they are going to face in the next generation especially and how we can solve that. And convince them that we can actually solve the problem for them and work together with them to delive r the final solution.We have implemented this model at least twice in the life of the company and that has been the part of the success of Aquantia, a big part of the success in Aquantia that basically helped us maneuver all the hard times and the financial crisis by having strong partners that actually needed our technology so they ensure that we stay and survive and flourish and expand and being able to help them move forward.Martin: And when you look at the potential customers that you could have and you said they are very concentrated, is it that you would like to sell your solution to any potential customer who would like to buy this or is it more that you go to the top two customers and say, “Guys, if you want to differentiate from the others 30 percent or so then buy with us and we give you some kind of exclusivity”?Ramin: Depends. Of course as I mentioned, we don’t have bandwidth in the beginning to approach everyone so we usually we work with top two, three big custom ers in the field and making sure that pipe thing and all the issues that would happen. And one of the things that being in an industry means you pass the quality assurance of the biggest company in the field then all the other companies will just wave any qualification or so forth and they just comfortably come to you and buy from you. So rather than having to deal with twenty companies and try to prove to them that it is good, everything is perfect and so forth working with one company and getting that stamp of approval and other guys will automatically come to you, because they say “If they selected you to be their choice then it is already guaranteed that it passes our standard level”.Martin: Are you currently having an international customer base or is it mainly US focused?Ramin: Currently we have also international.Martin: And you said that you have very few customers. How do you prevent the situation happening like your former company? Because your former company you also had very clamped, very clustered customer portfolio which was risky in that specific time. How do you prevent something like this in the future?Ramin: One of the things that we have to also be careful is also that when we approached the optical markets that was our only specific solution that we had, it was the only line of product that the company relied on. And that specific solution with a certain optical market going down, we didn’t have any other product to be able to rely on. Even after that we tried to leverage that technology to a different market â€" from optical we could move into IP switching for example, and the company back then tried to do that. But because this whole process happened so late by the time that we switched and tried to address the same technology, it was a great technology, into a different type of application was too late for us to be able to solve the product and survive on it.One thing is that what we have done only to guarantee the don’t leverage the technology itonly one application. If that application goes down, then you have no more time to try to leverage it or maneuver into something else. For our application from the beginning we tried to secure at least two markets and that is why even if we had like hiccups is one from time to time we could rely on the other and making sure that it is just like not just one big customer.Martin: Ramin, walk me through first twelve months of Aquantia. How really was it like if you would have to explain it to somebody transparently and say, “Okay, this is what I was doing by day, this was what we were focusing on”, just vividly?Ramin: First twelve months I would say depends on when the start was When we started, when I quit my job at the previous company, we had the promise from our investors that if we can prove to them the ideas we have can be manufactured and can enlarge volume and be profitable and so forth they will invest in us. They had given us very little money for the pe riod of whatever, until we prove this. Those were really challenging times because we had to cut back and just work maybe 70 â€" 80 hours a week and try to make sure that we reach as fast as possible.At the same time, it was a fairly big task so we had to get other people that we respect both technically and also have worked with before and synergy was right to get involved. But we couldn’t expect anybody to quit his job or anything so we had to work with them â€" first excite them about the potential of the technology and the potential of the market that this technology can address and at the same time encourage them to almost as hard as we did after work. Pulling everything together and be able to present that at the end, we can actually deliver this.Martin: So what was the task â€" only to develop a prototype of the hardware switch or was it really to have the prototype and convince a customer and only then the investor would invest?Ramin: It was more of proof of concept, it wa s not necessarily customers involved. So usually VCs they have their own technical team that is not just necessarily people who work at the VCs, the other high tech entrepreneurs in that specific field that they highly respect and they ask them to come and do the due diligence on us.So we went through maybe three different day long due diligence by three different groups and finally we got the checkmark and we got the money. That was a good sign but more work started afterwards because building the team, building the whole infrastructure for the company that we can expand, make it scalable enough and so forth. It started from doing technical work to building the actual company for us.One of the big lessons Ive learned from my previous company is that technology is very important, we need to know we have something great, but first you have to know what is the right application for it which in this case we found what would be the application. And the second of course is the team. Buil ding the team becomes I would say one of the most important if not the most important factor that is in entrepreneurs control. The other one is the market, but we can’t control the market. Markets go up and down and you have to just be smart about it and how you strategize your path, making sure that you will be safe in times and storms and so forth. But building the team is the most important thing. As a junior entrepreneur in my first company, we didn’t have much experience. We thought that if somebody is smart enough and can answer all our questions just hire him. And later we ran into a lot of issues, efficiency issues. A lot of those people that we hired were really smart but at the same time it was My way or the highway they didn’t want to work with each other.Martin: OK, so they didn’t cooperate.Ramin: The cooperation was not really great and that inefficiency basically took a big toll on us in the first company that we had. Second time being through that we began ma king sure that they are not just good technically, sometimes even rejected some people who were really smart, really sharp, intelligent people, genius people just because we felt that the attitude does not really match with the rest of the team that we had.And to be honest maybe the first 50 people that we hired were the people we either have worked with before or one of the people that we had hired and worked with well enough to know he/she is not just great from technology and expertise but also great from personality and making sure that the synergy is perfect.Martin: And you minimize the risk because at least either you or your friend know that this guy is working.Ramin: Exactly. That was very important this goes by far more than getting reference checks that is limited to a certain extent. But working with somebody is like going on a trip with somebody friend you know much better seeing him on and off. Being a roommate with someone and you even know that person better so workin g with somebody is like being a roommate for year. Usually in companies you spend more time than you spend at home and the level of interaction is significant.That was also a key part of our selection for the team and some of the people that we hired honestly are key members, technical members that have been with us from the past ten years, ever since we hired them. And they have been with the company ever since.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM RAMIN FARJAD-RAD In San Jose (CA), we meet Co-Founder VP of Technology of Aquantia, Ramin Farjad-Rad. Ramin talks about his story how he came up with the idea and founded Aquantia, how the current business model works, as well as he provides some advice for young entrepreneurs.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in the beautiful San Hose at the Aquantia office. Hi, Ramin, who are you and what do you do?Ramin: I am Ramin Farjad-Radand I am the VP of technology at Aquantia corporation and I together with the team are in charge of developing interesting technologies that apply to the latest networking solution that the customers such as Cisco and so forth use to differentiate themselves in the market place.BUSINESS MODEL OF AQUANTIAMartin: What did you do before you started Aquantia?Ramin: Well starting from beginning I got interested in communication transceivers back over at Stanford. Maybe part of my first summer internship that I was working at Soundlabs and I started working on a 1 Gig transceive r. The target was designing the whole thing in a CMOS technology which back then most people tried to implement these transceivers gigabit, multi gigabit and higher processors like Gully Morson and so forth which is really fast processing, but at the same time people could not really build them in high density to integrate with the microprocessors, big logics and so forth. Part of that work was extended and Sun was interested to fund the research I continued to actually turn it into a 10 gigabit per second kind of transceiver all in CMOS. Pretty much that research was successful, I managed to build that link in all in CMOS. Back then it was a core to max at CMOS which is more than a 10x larger than future sizes that are used today which is 28 or even 49 meter. But pretty much the technology showed that today it can implement up to 10 gigabits in CMOS technology that back then people struggled to build even up to 1 gig.That was a big achievement in a sense not just, “Hey, I can do 10 Gig in CMOS” but because it opened the door for integration into much bigger chips that were already in CMOS technology or the processors or also the switches that back then let’s say in the early 2000; that was the beginning of internet opening up to the all public and bandwidths and data become like a necessity, people wanted faster and faster not just processor but also switches and routers and so forth. These switches needed to have very high thoughput and with a combination of IOs that was placed in CMOS to get over the switch the switch wasn’t really practical. They have to use multiple switches, build clone network it would call it, network topology or switch topology to be able to expand switch to turn it form n ports to multiple ports, n times or 10 times and so forth. It was expensive, high power and so forth and by being able to integrate this high speed link inside the same chip and it could manage to increase the throughput of the switch, being able to increase it by order of magnitude or even orders of magnitude. That’s why it plays a critical rule to the next step.Back then in 2000, in fact ‘99 I teamed up with a couple people and tried to turn it into, actually turn this idea or turn this technology into actually a solution that will benefit the industry in terms of marketing. Through this whole process weve got challenges to be able to define the right product for the technology and we started a company called Veleo Communication whose main solution product was multi gigabit or even terabit switches. Back then we focused on optical market, sonic switching and so forth because the problem was reallyâ€" in those days, the long hawl, why you doing to need networks and connecting cities at high speeds together and that was kind of the bottle neck that back then was mostly wired up to do phone networks and telephones at low data rates. Planning to do internet traffic, even forget about videos just normal internet traffic couldn’t rea lly go through these low speed networking switches. So everybody was switching to optical communication, trying to build more and more connections and networks and then there came the need to do high throughput wirings and switching between all these links. And that is why optical communication was so hot back then before colabs later on in 2002-2003.Martin: So basically what Aquantia is selling is some kind of devices with some switches?Ramin: No. This was a Veleo Communication. It was my first company that I started back in ‘99. That was the focus of Veleo Communication, building terabit switches for optical market. And then after Veleo and because of the crash of the optical market and all of our customers which were big customers were Lucent and Nortel. At some point we have a combined you can say purchase order literal intents close to 500 million dollars’ worth of those switches but maybe within few months they went away. Nortel put hold on everything, Lucent basically shu t down optical divisions and so forth. And all thing went away and expecting to be a multibillion dollar company, it didn’t turn out to be that way.So we sold the company and the year after Kim and Alveta , two of my partners here in Aquantia, we started the company with the vision to being able to power the next generation of data centers and networking mainly from the connectivity prospective for the upcoming explosion of data that we could see. The data was increasing, not just communication of data but also the storage of the data and so forth, to the extent that the existing solutions, the connectivity solutions in the data centers and the storage centers and the computing centers and so forth was not really enough to answer this.Back then people were switching from 1 gigabit to 10 gigabit but the solutions for 10 gigabit was all pretty much an optical domain, meaning that you had to use optical transceivers, lasers and so forth and it ended up to be expensive solutions. And knowing that these port counts that were already about like making hundreds of millions if not billions in gigabit, switching them over to 10 gig or optical at price points that are hundreds of dollars was a big show stopper for many companies to scale to that level. Price was a big deal, especially when you are talking about such high switch counts and our mission was to create a technology to be able to implement it over the copper lines and away from using any optical components which was pretty much also the start of the 10 gigabits over copper, over basically twisted pair copper not shielded copper just to make everything cheaper, just to make the cable cheaper. And we of course added significant complexity on the chip side to make the other side cheaper and easier, meaning anything external, even only through connectors, cables and so forth was made to be as simple as possible even the connection of the cable to the port using like RG45 type of connector that just clicks, you can find it behind your computer or laptop that has this network port versus the optical solutions that nobody can just use like that. You have to align the fiber which is like a micrometer thick with the edge of laser to make sure that the light passes through. It takes an expert to do that every time so it wasn’t something that also could be basically expanded to the public or general market unless using a copper and ease of use of it. And pretty much, it puts all the burden on the technology and those required to implement it.We knew that is a big challenge and from day one we started building a team that we believe were super stars to be able to excel in this market and be able to deliver it. While at the same time when we started we had technology that we believed will put us ahead of everybody else delivering this solution not just all in silicon but also make it in like low power, because once you assume that each server or each rack of servers that you have in data center could have tens of these ports and each rack will have tens of servers and each roll of a data center can have twenty or thirty of them and then in the whole data center there could be tens of thousands or a hundred thousand of these servers. If the power is not fully controlled, it will be like a big heating machine just for connectivity and so forth. And so power is also a significant part of the equation that we started to solve and when we entered the market we introduced ourselves as the low power leaders who can not only solve the connectivity problem but also the power problem for the system.Martin: So if you would rephrase the value proposition it would basically mean that if you are looking at a data center you will improve the connectivity within the data center meaning that you will lower their energy cost thereby lowering total costs of having operating the data center and thereby transforming the data from one point to the other.Ramin: Yes, exactly. First lowering the c ost of installation, the price they pay to install each port and also lowering the maintenance cost, moving forward in terms of cost of the energy and so forth.Martin: Can you elaborate a little bit about how defensive is this? Or how easy it is to defend this kind of model from other competitors?Ramin: One of the reasons we approached this market as a startup knowing that especially if you are in hardware, networking hardware, especially semiconductor business center a lot of big companies are already in this market. We had to definitely find a path that we could differentiate ourselves and one of our biggest differentiations was of course the technology we could introduce into this market. And Tangabeste has been as they use to call it the toughest problem in the communication ICs back then and it turned out to be over yeas. Because when we started there were another three public companies that started in the same field together with us plus also the number of the startup companie s, at some point were 7 companies doing the same thing. Over the years, Aquantia was the only company whose product was shipped in Cisco boxes and only one public company managed to get it right after few years after us to be our only competition today so far.So one thing is to find the technology and to also have the solution, knowing that the technology that you have is differentiating enough that not anybody not so easily can come in and compete with you in that domain. Of course, the patents that protected us in that domain. On top of that I should add as an entrepreneur just having a cool technology doesn’t mean, or like differentiating technology doesn’t mean anything. You have to see the problems that your customers have or are actually going to have. The smart or most successful ones will see the waves that are coming and try to prepare for it. Try to build solutions for the waves that are coming. Once they are near then you can go to your customers and say, “Hey, donâ €™t worry, I have a solution for you.” Helping the customer to win in the market, differentiating yourself and basically pass the big wave and they help you in return, creating a win-win situation in such a way that customers, especially the big ones really feel that they have to use you otherwise there are not many other solutions out there to do so.Martin: But basically this means that you have some hardware solutions like switches or something for solving the connectivity issues in data centers and when you look at the customers, customer segments, who are they? Is it only like people who are operating the data center or are those companies like Facebook who has its own data center?Ramin: Our customers customers would be the likes of Facebook and so forth. One of the big customers we can mention is Cisco systems. They actually build their network OEMs that build all the big switches and the network equipment.Martin: And in terms of revenue model is it that you are selling them not only like revenue per item or is it something like a service model orâ€"Ramin: No, we build chips.Martin: And you only sell them. You don’t rent them or something like that?Ramin: No, just sell them the chips.Martin: And how do you acquire customers. Are you using only a direct sales force or are you using distribution partners?Ramin: No, actually because we are not in a consumer market, our customers are well defined. For example, there is usually in the space that we work in there is one dominant customer that owns maybe half the market or more. And there is another one who owns like 20 -30 percent and the rest combined will be another 20 something percent together. So we usually try to approach the first top two three because the amount of energy and even marketing and salesforce that is required to approach everyone for a small company is not really that efficient. So our approach is to go and target the big ones, try to understand their pain points and try to understand w hat are the things that they are working on and what are the problems that they are going to face in the next generation especially and how we can solve that. And convince them that we can actually solve the problem for them and work together with them to deliver the final solution.We have implemented this model at least twice in the life of the company and that has been the part of the success of Aquantia, a big part of the success in Aquantia that basically helped us maneuver all the hard times and the financial crisis by having strong partners that actually needed our technology so they ensure that we stay and survive and flourish and expand and being able to help them move forward.Martin: And when you look at the potential customers that you could have and you said they are very concentrated, is it that you would like to sell your solution to any potential customer who would like to buy this or is it more that you go to the top two customers and say, “Guys, if you want to diff erentiate from the others 30 percent or so then buy with us and we give you some kind of exclusivity”?Ramin: Depends. Of course as I mentioned, we don’t have bandwidth in the beginning to approach everyone so we usually we work with top two, three big customers in the field and making sure that pipe thing and all the issues that would happen. And one of the things that being in an industry means you pass the quality assurance of the biggest company in the field then all the other companies will just wave any qualification or so forth and they just comfortably come to you and buy from you. So rather than having to deal with twenty companies and try to prove to them that it is good, everything is perfect and so forth working with one company and getting that stamp of approval and other guys will automatically come to you, because they say “If they selected you to be their choice then it is already guaranteed that it passes our standard level”.Martin: Are you currently having a n international customer base or is it mainly US focused?Ramin: Currently we have also international.Martin: And you said that you have very few customers. How do you prevent the situation happening like your former company? Because your former company you also had very clamped, very clustered customer portfolio which was risky in that specific time. How do you prevent something like this in the future?Ramin: One of the things that we have to also be careful is also that when we approached the optical markets that was our only specific solution that we had, it was the only line of product that the company relied on. And that specific solution with a certain optical market going down, we didn’t have any other product to be able to rely on. Even after that we tried to leverage that technology to a different market â€" from optical we could move into IP switching for example, and the company back then tried to do that. But because this whole process happened so late by the time that we switched and tried to address the same technology, it was a great technology, into a different type of application was too late for us to be able to solve the product and survive on it.One thing is that what we have done only to guarantee the don’t leverage the technology itonly one application. If that application goes down, then you have no more time to try to leverage it or maneuver into something else. For our application from the beginning we tried to secure at least two markets and that is why even if we had like hiccups is one from time to time we could rely on the other and making sure that it is just like not just one big customer.Martin: Ramin, walk me through first twelve months of Aquantia. How really was it like if you would have to explain it to somebody transparently and say, “Okay, this is what I was doing by day, this was what we were focusing on”, just vividly?Ramin: First twelve months I would say depends on when the start was When we started, when I quit my job at the previous company, we had the promise from our investors that if we can prove to them the ideas we have can be manufactured and can enlarge volume and be profitable and so forth they will invest in us. They had given us very little money for the period of whatever, until we prove this. Those were really challenging times because we had to cut back and just work maybe 70 â€" 80 hours a week and try to make sure that we reach as fast as possible.At the same time, it was a fairly big task so we had to get other people that we respect both technically and also have worked with before and synergy was right to get involved. But we couldn’t expect anybody to quit his job or anything so we had to work with them â€" first excite them about the potential of the technology and the potential of the market that this technology can address and at the same time encourage them to almost as hard as we did after work. Pulling everything together and be able to present that at the end, we can actually deliver this.Martin: So what was the task â€" only to develop a prototype of the hardware switch or was it really to have the prototype and convince a customer and only then the investor would invest?Ramin: It was more of proof of concept, it was not necessarily customers involved. So usually VCs they have their own technical team that is not just necessarily people who work at the VCs, the other high tech entrepreneurs in that specific field that they highly respect and they ask them to come and do the due diligence on us.So we went through maybe three different day long due diligence by three different groups and finally we got the checkmark and we got the money. That was a good sign but more work started afterwards because building the team, building the whole infrastructure for the company that we can expand, make it scalable enough and so forth. It started from doing technical work to building the actual company for us.One of the big lessons Ive learned from my previous company is that technology is very important, we need to know we have something great, but first you have to know what is the right application for it which in this case we found what would be the application. And the second of course is the team. Building the team becomes I would say one of the most important if not the most important factor that is in entrepreneurs control. The other one is the market, but we can’t control the market. Markets go up and down and you have to just be smart about it and how you strategize your path, making sure that you will be safe in times and storms and so forth. But building the team is the most important thing. As a junior entrepreneur in my first company, we didn’t have much experience. We thought that if somebody is smart enough and can answer all our questions just hire him. And later we ran into a lot of issues, efficiency issues. A lot of those people that we hired were really smart but at the same time it was My way or the hig hway they didn’t want to work with each other.Martin: OK, so they didn’t cooperate.Ramin: The cooperation was not really great and that inefficiency basically took a big toll on us in the first company that we had. Second time being through that we began making sure that they are not just good technically, sometimes even rejected some people who were really smart, really sharp, intelligent people, genius people just because we felt that the attitude does not really match with the rest of the team that we had.And to be honest maybe the first 50 people that we hired were the people we either have worked with before or one of the people that we had hired and worked with well enough to know he/she is not just great from technology and expertise but also great from personality and making sure that the synergy is perfect.Martin: And you minimize the risk because at least either you or your friend know that this guy is working.Ramin: Exactly. That was very important this goes by far m ore than getting reference checks that is limited to a certain extent. But working with somebody is like going on a trip with somebody friend you know much better seeing him on and off. Being a roommate with someone and you even know that person better so working with somebody is like being a roommate for year. Usually in companies you spend more time than you spend at home and the level of interaction is significant.That was also a key part of our selection for the team and some of the people that we hired honestly are key members, technical members that have been with us from the past ten years, ever since we hired them. And they have been with the company ever since.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM RAMIN FARJAD-RADMartin: Ramin, let’s go back 10 â€" 15 years or so of your time and really imagine: what would be great if you have known this before you start doing any company? So if you go back and say “Oh, if somebody would have told me this kind of lesson this would have helped me a lot.”Ramin: My first company Veleo thought me many, many lessons that we tried to implement as much as possible in this company. At the same time one of the things in addition to the fact that you have to be extra careful once you get the money to build the right team because the team is the most important asset that is in your control. The most important factor for your success that is in your control and the technology can actually change even the applications they use for the technology can change as you move forward.Believe it or not as I mentioned in the first six months of the company before our funding we were supposed to prove that the technology we are so excited about is the best thing since white bread and a year after we dumped the whole thing because we found something better. We didn’t stay as “This is our technology, we are going to push for it to make it happen.”Entrepreneurs really have to be flexible. They shouldn’t be attached to original ideas if the y feel there are other alternatives. They have to be open minded to any idea and really question everything and even it is your baby technology always have to question it can it be better, can it do anything better, what is out there that can beat this and so forth. That is very important not to get lost or drinking you are cool; aint thinking you are the best.That is I would say one of the most important things and the other thing I should mention is the product and the application that use the technology. You have to make sure it is differentiating enough for all the big companies, because they will be very reluctant to pick somebody with a small company like a 50-man team to deliver a critical technology to them. It becomes so risky. If you put yourself in the shoes of some executive VP making a decision in let’s say at Cisco that they want to use their technology. And if Aquantia fails, the executive VP will be in serious trouble. But if give it to some joint company like a mu ltibillion dollar public company that god knows how many people working for them and has been around for like 30 years. If they failed that company fails and the executive VP fails. There is a lot of pressure in the decision making in the big company to go with you. So they have to have very convincing reason in a way that you have to create great enough differentiation for them so they say “If I don’t go with them there is nothing out there and then my competition may pick them and then they may get ahead.” So they take the risk for the right reward. And you have to continue making that differentiation sustain because you start going up on a path to say “I am different from everyone” and then as soon as the big guys notice that you are up there they start development right away because they don’t want to fall behind and you have to continue that and continuously offer the differentiation that these big customers feel like they have to stick with you and never go back an d try to consider the alternative.One of the things that a lot of companies fall into is the fact that after some point and after they feel they have a solution or a technology, then the other guys catch up, they try to add I would say maybe change the prices so they offer you lower prices and to add a little bit features here and there to make it attractive. And if you go on and see if the features that are added are not something significant, then the other guys can also add it. So this competition, competition on the small steps rather than differentiating actually causes everybody to be the same. They say I have added this feature that do this extra thing and if it is easy other guys will add it. It becomes more and more complex product that everybody has. So differentiation actually becomes nothing.But the differentiation has to be in such way that it is like great leaps that gets others by surprise and before they can catch up to it you already got the next marker. And this ta kes agile and I would say knowledgeable team with enough experience both on the technology and the business to know what is the next great technology and what are the problems that are coming towards my big customers. Even we have to know better than them what the problems are and try to solve them for the next wave. That is how we survived and grew.Martin: Ramin, thank you so much for you time.Ramin: Thank you.Martin: It was a pleasure. Next time you are thinking about starting a company you need to be very crystal clear about your value proposition so that you make sure that you differentiate it from all the other people and don’t be better only by 10 percent but maybe like 10x. Thanks.

The Founding of Our Nations Government Essay - 1186 Words

The Founding of Our Nations Government The Articles of Confederation were extremely important in the founding of our government today. The Articles gave us a sort of good base to start from, and was ground breaking in the shaping of our new nation. The Articles of Confederation were written by a Second Continental Congressional committee during the early part of the American Revolution in 1777. A report of the proposed articles was presented to the committee by John Dickson (committee head) just eight days after the signing of the Declaration Of Independence. The fear of the 13 colonies was to have a powerful central government, as they did in Great Britain. The Articles were changed drastically by the Continental Congress before†¦show more content†¦On February 21, 1787, the Continental Congress resolved that: #8230;it is expedient that that on the second Monday in May next, a convention of delegates who shall have been appointed by the several states be held at Philadelphia for the sole purpose of revising the articles of Confederation#8230;The original states except Rhode Island, collectively appointed 70 individuals to the Constitutional Convention, but a number did not accept or could not attend. Those who did not attend included Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, John Adams, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock. In all 55 delegates attended the Constitutional Convention sessions, but only 39 actually signed the Constitution. The delegates ranged in age from Jonathon Dayton, aged 26, and to Benjamin Franklin at 81 years of age, who was very sick at the time. The plan of the delegates was to remedy the defects in the Articles of Confederation, but Virginia delegates had a new idea in mid and boldly proposed the Virginia Plan, which introduced a whole new national government instead of the confederation. The New Jersey Plan was also presented as an alternative, but it was based mainly on autonomous states being represented by a single chamber. When bicameral legislation was approved it effectively made the decision for the Virginia Plan, and allowed for the NewShow MoreRelatedRespecting The Founding Fathers919 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishment of our nation, the founding fathers have been looked upon with veneration. The numerous monuments throughout the country dedicated to these courageous men demonstrate their lasting dignity in our society. These men were exceptional leaders who played a substantial role in American history and tremendously shaped our country for the better. They gave us some of our most beloved documents, led the way to our freedom from Great Britain, and provided us with the foundations for our current governmentRead MoreInfluence of the Founding Fathers Essay981 Words   |  4 PagesKAP political science nine weeks term paper The growth of a new nation can be a great struggle. Our founding struggled to form a perfect nation through the enactments of The Articles of Confederation, The Constitution, and also The Federalist Papers. They struggled to make a document that they could depend on in times of need, and the constitution was the one that really set the line and challenged the government to near perfection. Something can never be perfect thats why the federalist papersRead MorePresident Lyndon B Johnson s Speech1556 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowed many of the basic principles put forth by our founding fathers in the Declaration of Independence and in the United Sates Constitution. 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Essay about False Perception of Equality in Society

In Kurt Vonnegut’s story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† everyone is made equal by the United States Handicapper Genera1 while the country is under totalitarian control. Handicaps are forced upon the people by the Handicapper General to create an all-equal society. The character George Bergeron is forced to stay equal by the government’s laws of equality while his wife, Hazel Bergeron, is of only average intelligence, and consequently not given a handicap. Their son, however, has broken the laws of equality and is fugitive of the United States Handicapper General. The conflict between the United States Handicapper General and the Bergeron family helps to establish and develop the theme of a false perception of equality. George and Hazel Bergeron†¦show more content†¦This shows that George and Hazel are not really equal because even though George no longer has an advantage over Hazel, she now has an advantage over George. She is not confined by the Handicapper General like he is, but is free to go about her day naturally, while he is confined to an inferior quality of life. This false perception of equality allows for the government to rule without obstruction or protest from their citizens because they are more intently focused on building a community that is better for all and less focused on the tyrant government that now exists in the democratic country. Their son sees this tyranny and causes heart ache for the citizen and the government. George and Hazel’s son, Harrison Bergeron, develops the theme of the false perception of equality. Harrison Bergeron knows that he is unequal and rebels against the government, so that he can take over and become Emperor: â€Å"Nobody had ev er borne heavier handicaps. He had outgrown hindrances faster than the H-G men could think them up† (1202). He is required to wear more constraining obstructions because the government is in fear of a rebellion, but even with the stronger handicaps Harrison is able to escape from prison and continue his plot to overthrow the government. As Harrison barges into the theater with all his handicaps on heShow MoreRelatedInequality2240 Words   |  9 PagesPeople are unequal and we should not treat them equally. What is equality? Equality is a state in which every living person is given the same number of opportunity to vent out their ability to its fullest, regardless of gender, race, wealth, religion, and so on. However, in the world of capitalism and libertarianism, people cannot be equal. Each person is born with different amounts of wealth and contrary aspects both physically and mentally, no matter how much people fight for equal humanRead MoreThemes Of The American Dream In The Great Gatsby1503 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Dream holds. 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The Principle Free Essays

Legal moralism has been a principle that prohibits people from acting or engaging in things which are detrimental to the society with the use of laws and its enforcements. This includes laws which prohibit certain actions that can lead to several problems that may affect the whole social fabric. Such laws include those that prohibit the use of illegal drugs, prostitution and abortion. We will write a custom essay sample on The Principle or any similar topic only for you Order Now This actions or engagement in this type of acts may most likely affect the citizens in a rather negative matter that could destroy not only the participating individual’s life but also the lives of the people around him. In line with this principle is a principle that shall limit a person’s liberty through the use of customary rules prescribed by the society in which the person lives. It differs from the principle of legal moralism in the sense of â€Å"formality†. Restriction of Liberty While legal moralism is concerned about constitutional laws, this principle is more likely inclined to the limiting effect of customary moral rules which are more effective than legal laws. This principle shall from this point onwards be referred to as customary moralism principle. This type of principle acts in the same manner that legal moralism does. However, as stated above, traditional moralism is more effective than legal moralism. Its effectiveness lies on the way that it has been formulated. Compare and Contrast Unlike most legal laws which determines the right and wrong inscribed as laws of the society, customary rules and traditions determines the right and wrong principles which lies in the culture of a society. These rules have been tested through time and generation by the whole society. This is the reason why these laws are easier to understand. People find it efficient since it was directed and made through the use of actual and practical experiences. Unlike legal laws which are mostly hypothetical and less pragmatic. Legal laws are made by an assembly of men that shall represent the whole society in a conference or convention. Customary rules are prescribed mostly by elders, who have more experience than the present generation. Since these rules are based and may differ in experience, they are not implemented in the society in a forceful manner. Instead, society shall pick what rules are still beneficial and applicable in the situation. Thus, customary rules undergo practicality checks, every time the rules are being implemented or are being followed. Society: Laws versus Tradition It evolves with the society. It represents the society. People are more inclined to follow this principle not because of its force but because of customs and traditions. For instance, the introduction and the success of organizations such as the Cosa Nostra which is more popularly known as Mafia, prevails even after there have been several legal precautions and actions taken. The Mafia is an organization which is generally against the fascist regime that dominates the Italian region. Since it is an organization, it has several guiding principles and rules that enable the group to grow and survive. Accordingly, the Mafia acts as a second government in areas such as Sicily. The rules that were constructed or enforced by the Mafia are followed more religiously than the laws enforced by the government. Omerta, a favorite law in Mafia is the law of absolute silence that denotes an individual could not say anything that would expose the Mafia. Even, if it means that they could be incarcerated, tortured or even convicted, it was believed that the Sicilians would not tell a word or would deny anything he knows. Legitimate Traditional   Actions Actions which this principle might consider as legitimate are mainly actions which are traditionally been accepted by the general public that were made legal. In some country, prostitution is legal since it has been traditional. In the Netherlands, the use of â€Å"marijuana† is legalized. There are also some countries that legalize abortion if the fetus is not more than three months. These types of prohibitions by the law rooted from certain traditional beliefs and customs of the people. Traditional moral principles which have legal counterparts could be interfered by the law. However, there are certain traditional beliefs such as burning of animals for sacrifices wherein authority and law has no right to intervene. Commonly, traditional rules which are considered as legitimate are those which promotes the welfare of the society. This are the societal norms which are approved by the government and are thus legalize. Thus, the legitimacy of any traditional action depends on which government or country an action was made. Traditional Moralism versus Harm Principle and Paternalism Traditional also to fraternities are hazing ceremonials and rumbles. If Traditional moralism would be used, this type of action would be normal. However, of course, this would create problems in the legal realm. In such case this kind of actions shall be controlled by the proper authorities such that this would not cause death or other mass violence. This action would either fall in the harm principle or paternalism. It falls in the harm principle since it must be controlled or even not permitted if it induces harm to other people. It falls under paternal principle because there are laws which prohibit fraternity violence in able to protect the members of the fraternity from injuries by refusing to recognize fraternities who are recorded to conduct delinquently. While legal moralism is against actions such as gambling and prostitution, traditional moralism permits them. In this regard, traditional moralism could be seen to fall under the harm principle. Traditional moralism could also fall under paternalism in the sense that it is a guide for action through rules set by the majority of the society in able to control certain actions that would negatively affect the society. Defense of Traditional Moralism I believe that traditional moralism could effectively restrict freedom in able to promote the welfare of a society since it is constructed through convention by the society. It is more likely to be more effective since it commonly involves the norm within the society. Although this might create several factions in the society that might create their own traditions and customs, this kind of interferences might not be able to make it through the main stream culture. Failing to do so, these actions would be considered as deviant by the society in which their actions are not permitted. Traditional Moralism can also be viewed as a principle that acknowledge and encourage liberty, more than restricts it. This is not arguable and may in fact be true, more likely when the legal rules is composed of laws which is not suitable and is not agreeable with the society. Such as laws which are imposed only by the government or by another government in a particular country. This could best be demonstrated on colonized countries or in war-stricken country such as Iraq. The laws that the American government may not be suitable or efficient in the society such as in Iraq; in such case traditional moralism would be more beneficial and applicable than legal moralism. Reference Leighton, P. (2007). Paternalism and Legal Moralism. Retrieved on November 14, 2007. 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Sociology of Deviance †Prostitution Essay Example

Sociology of Deviance – Prostitution Essay Deviancy, undeniably, is the subject involved in the culture of the profession of prostitution. It defies the community standards that are set to regulate human behavior. In the course of this reading, we have included the deviancy analysis that involves prostitution culture.The majority of academic findings on prostitution have established the actual relationship between physical health, prostitution and risky behaviors. This concentration on disease and drug use does not only blur the whole picture of prostitution, but also distorts the realities of prostitution for many of these sex workers. Due to the objectivity and specificity perspective of most of these studies, they have neglected the assessment of what these prostitutes perceived as harmful and how they conceptualize and manage the risk. Deviancy progresses in these individuals as they sank deeper in their profession; however, these factors need to be critically analyzed in order to understand fully the situation of these s ex workers (Sanders, 2005 p.10).Throughput time, prostitution has greatly been viewed as a deviant behavior since it violates the standards of morality imposed by the religious sectors, local agencies, health principles as well as community perspectives. Moreover, society views these individuals as vectors of other deviant practices. The idea of selling body and offering pleasure or sex service has greatly dismayed the public’s view; thereby, considering such behavior and the total profession itself as a deviant field.The paper deals with the issues associated in the deviancy perspective of prostitution. The issues are elaborated by different queries explained in this case.Describe why the behaviors of prostitutes are considered deviant or fails to conform to societal normDeviancy has been defined as the actual shift from a standard-norm conforming behavior towards a direct behavior alteration that is not accepted by society or viewed as unacceptable by the minor cultures. Pr ostitution is one of the unaccepted or deviant behaviors that originate from ancestral times. The society views the prostitutes as someone who varyingly, possess lowest status of life in the community. Essentially speaking, the main deviant behavior seen in the prostitutes is their willful selling of their body in exchange for material things.Prostitution is known as the oldest profession that has survived the every phases of human civilization. From the earliest times, this profession is known to render short span of pleasure for men accompanied by the right price. Prostitution came into existence in its first and Western variety in and around Mesopotamian temples. Morality has been a long time controversy among these issues that even the periods of earlier civilization criticize such profession.The society views these people as lowly individuals that succumbs the impurity of their behavior in order to obtain their living. Moreover, women are the only ones involved and recognized t o offer such service; however, with the advent of modernization, men have also entered the field of prostitution that caters not only for women, but also for males. Systems of prostitution progressed, and behold, age limit has gone down lower and lower until it reached pass the minor’s age. The problems of runaway youths and prostituted teenagers have greatly expanded resulting to variety of sexual scandals. Knowingly, the primary focus of prostitution varies and considerably, does not only revolve in the purpose of earning money but lot more deeper reasoning (Flowers, 2001 p.64).Unfortunately, prostitution has even become a channel of disease transmission especially in places with poverty occurrence. Street prostitution has been closely related to HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome) or AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) in the United States due to its linkage with forbidden drug usage. However, patterns of prostitution may vary from places to places, due to the infl uence of tradition, culture, race, environmental settings and community perspectives. The setting and types of prostitution also varies depending as well on the factors stated above.   Although it is almost impossible to come up with the exact data on the types of prostitution, some researchers have estimated that about 20% of prostitution in the United States occurs as Street Prostitution and the remainder is spread among massage parlors, bar prostitution, outcall services, and brothels. The influence of deviancy occurs higher in the streets than with other areas; however, it does not conclude that deviancies do not occur in those places other than the streets (Weitzer, 2000 p.103-104).These are some of the reasons why the society views such acts as deviant since, it defies the standard norms and standards imposed by various perspective that greatly influence the society’s view and concept especially in terms of morality that consequently affects their view in prostitution .What is the societal norm or legitimate authority for regarding this person or group and their behavior as deviant?The legitimate authorities involve three domains that impose the values and the ought-to-be principle that governs the society. Any flaws from these imposed concepts are considered deviant. These domains are the society (involving standard governance and public’s view), religion (involving the concept of morality and value for human being) and health (involving health-related issues that centers on prostitution is a contributing etiology).The society view the body as a respected and highest form of being that is able to rationalize and dominate. The concept and perspective involving the subject, human beings, is quite sensitive and requires utmost respect. As for them, human beings possess the highest form of pride that they even view their existence far more essential than any other living creatures. Unfortunately, prostitution comes in and portraying a lifesty le that seemingly comparable to animals, in terms of having sex with no considerations imposed. Such reasoning provides a logical rationale for the deviancy involved in prostitution.However, there are groups of people who wish to add the right to legal prostitution to the list. If prostitution were legalized it can hurt society, as well as the prostitutes themselves. The argument states that tests for STDs can be conducted if this profession is legalized. Moreover, taxes from these prostitutes can be obtained if their discreetness can be brought up through legalization. However, governmental policies consider such practice as a violation of human rights and basic moral principles, making such actions deviant to societal norms; hence, such legalization is indeed impossible to implement.In terms of theological perspective, the human being is believed to be the highest form of being, and a remnant of God’s image. Such religious firm strictly holds on to the side of morality and its implementation in the society. Sex, in a religious perspective, is a gift from divine bodies that requires respect, appropriateness and divine blessing before conducting. The basic religious fundamentals, however, is tarnished and defied by practice of prostitution wherein the sex workers engages into intercourse without considering the value of their body, divine law that governs morality and principles that direct and regulate the norms of sexual act. Providing this statement proves another reasoning for the deviancy of this profession, prostitution.However, in another view, these prostitutes are perceived to be victims of consequences imposed by unpredictable situations encountered though-out life. The approach of the religious reformers to prostitution excluded the voices and perspectives of prostitutes and thus obscured the possibility that women were not victims and that perhaps women exercised agency in their choice to engage in sex work (Wahab, 2002).As for biologic and health conformations and standards, health is derived from varying view of every individual; however, in the case of prostitution, health is absolutely at-risk. People in prostitution usually suffer from serious neurobiological and personality disorders that hinder the formation of a cooperative working relationship. Moreover, this profession is known to be the primary vector of disease transfer that facilitates the channel of spreading Sexually Transmitted Disease and worst of all, HIV or AIDS. Their actions have defied the value of their own body in health perspective that induces risk in acquiring such cases. The health behavior portrays non-conforming actions thus, making these actions deviant.Why do these people engage in deviant behavior? Provide a detailed analysis and if possible alternate perspectivesPerspectives and probably ideation of causes of prostitution provides access in understanding the reason behind such deviant behaviors. In the current span of this profession, the viewed cause has evolved together with classical society towards millennial change. The former view that rationalizes the reasons behind prostitution involves the mere fact that women engage in such profession are sexually active and lacks control of their drive. Time passed by, and various reasons have been brought up creating multi-causational tree regarding the etiology of such practice.Interestingly enough, according to a former study conducted with subjects amounting to thousand prostitutes in New Yorks House of Correction on Blackwells Island, results has negated the evangelicals claim that seduction and male sexual aggression pulled women into prostitution. It has been found that only 15% of the prostitutes in his study listed seduction as the cause of prostitution. Indeed, more than one third of the study participants have reported having a personal inclination to prostitution, wanting an easy life, or ironically, being too lazy to work as reasons for entering prostituti on (Mullen, 2002).Especially in a country wherein work and financial matters are not that easy to obtain, prostitutes utilized this kind of profession in order to satisfy their financial needs, ironically, while satisfying as well the arousal needs of the customers. For prostitutes, this type of sex business provides them the easiest means in order to survive the high demands that are imposed to their financial capacities. This reason, however, does not apply to every individuals engage in such profession.For these prostitutes, the profession of prostitution is not a career choice. More often than not, it is a womans last choice. According to surveys conducted, the majority of these women have suffered some type of mental or physical abuse in there lifetime. A survey of prostitutes in the San Francisco area showed that 75% have been physically or sexually abused as children. The women who become prostitutes have mental scares, which blind them from reality. Legalization would not he lp these women, but it will only encourage their defiant behavior. Moreover, the abuse many prostitutes suffered early in life is also found in their profession. Another survey of prostitutes found that 82% have been physically assaulted, 83% have threatened with a weapon and 68% have been raped. There is no amount of regulation that can protect these women when they are alone with their clients. They are putting themselves in the most vulnerable position imaginable (Mullen, 1999).How do these deviants view their behavior? Do they regard their deviance as a one-time aberration or see it as a deviant career?Individuals vary among their perspectives and concepts related to their current estate; similar to that, prostitutes possess their varying perspectives and reasons for involving themselves in a job like such as this. As stated in the latter section, such scenario is the last option of every individual. Prostitutes resort to such kind of profession in order for them to earn their l iving in an easy and most flexible way for them. In fact, there are three broad major reasons way prostitution results. First, it becomes a product of a negative scenario that occurred in the past especially during childhood, which is the behavioral forming stage, that triggers such defiant behavior. Second, for easy financial source in order for them to meet the financial demands imposed to them, they sell their bodies in exchange with materialistic gains. Lastly, depression and rebellious behavior that triggers defiance towards the imposed societal norms (Kuo, 2002 p.112).Prostitutes possess sensitive emotions especially when dealing with their reasons for entering such profession. Another fact is, most often than not, these individuals tend to view their field more like a career of profession and not just a one-time transaction. In some cases, they even possess their regular clients whom they regularly provide service. However, even with this easy business that they are acquiring , psychological assessments performed to these individuals reveal that they possess hurts, depression and inferiorities in their professions. Self-actualization, love and belongingness, and self-esteem are the common angles afflicted by such profession (Flowers, 2001 p.71). In a broader sense, the defiance of prostitution does not only cause physical harm but most especially emotionally, socially, and psychologically.What impacts does this deviancy have on various members of society and society as a whole?Society connotes this deviant behavior as channels of inappropriate sexual service. As a whole the society, greatly discriminate such individuals who enter in this kind of profession. Ridicule, shame and discrimination are the undeniable statements that the society provides for these prostitutes. The reigning perspective over this type of business provides discrimination not only to the person itself but also to the whole family and relatives involve with the person. The society fi gures that since, the primary and initial training zone for child development, family or relatives responsible for upbringing are the inducers of such behavior. However, this mentality is not always true in reality, although discrimination is really present.Due to the fact that these situations and treatment are present, the deviant behavior of these individuals is suppressed until they encounter the customer itself. This causes these individuals to be discreet in terms of their exposure to the public in order to avoid further discrimination. However, this does not apply to every situation as prostitution varies still among every individual. In some cases, a person even possesses a decent profession but still renders to such services. Others expose themselves to the public without fear of ridicule due to various personal reasons rationalized by the individual. Hiding their identity from the public is one of their defense protocols in order to avoid such societal treatment.What are t he ways utilized by the society to respond or react to the deviancy?Some of the ways utilized by the public in order to respond to the situation of such deviancy are the implementation of policies that prevents the expanse of prostitution, formation of groups that protect the welfare of these individuals from the claws of prostitution and public awareness. These steps are the most evident features available in the society in order to halt the progression of such so-called profession.In some countries, they have organized Women’s Groups and Agencies that protects women from abuse of prostitutions. It responds and provides their service in accordance with the policies ordained by the government with aims of halting down such self-abusive defiance. Aside from this groups and agencies, there are also rules and regulations imposed by the government, such as Illegal Prostitution Act, regulation of brother ownership, etc (Kuo, 2002 p.13).Provide an analysis of the deviant behavior f rom the perspective of one or two sociological theories presented in the courseLabeling Theory is also known as the Social Reaction Theory, which looks at the deviant behavior through labeling of the character in terms of being defiant. The process of labeling is related to the power and status of those persons who do the labeling and those who are labeled. Generally, those in power label the behavior of others as deviant (Kendall 2006, p209). The labeling theory stresses the social process through which certain acts and people are labeled as deviant. The society is one of the major contributors of label formation towards these individuals. Social Control agencies, such as the police, courts, and corrections, are created to label certain people as outside the normal, law-abiding society, which implies deviancy labeling.The formation of deviant identity is supported by the public by agreeing and solidifying the label imposed. Once labeled, the person is presumed by others to be devia nt, and they react according to the appropriate deviancy negative-feedback reactions. On the process of labeling, the society instills the definition of such action as deviant and in the end automatically influences the over-all belief pattern. The case of prostitution has been labeled by society as a deviant behavior involving the selling of their bodies and defying the moral principles. This is the reason for negative-feedback reactions, particularly by discrimination, ridicule and oppression, brought by the society towards this people (Cole Smith, p.50).Another theory to be utilized is the Subculture theory, which connotes that subculture, being one of the socially influential factors, has greatly affected the occurrence of prostitution. Such theory is related to the formation of a cultural environment that encourages or legalizes prostitution, and promotes lesser consequence towards this action. Since the individual view such action as legal and have lesser consequence, the ind ividual resort to such action. However, culture varies and viewed differently by varying cultures hence, if the culture of morality and prostitution collides, this is the time where discrimination and other socially related negative responses occur (Flowers, 2001 p.64).The view of public for this type of action is consequently related to the fact that individuals involved in a culture of prostitution are more likely to develop the deviant behavior. Cultural transmission is more socially related than biological in origin; hence, the development of such behavior occurs through the molding by the cultural environment made.